See -tion on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-syen"
},
{
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-sen"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-cioun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -cioun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-tion"
},
"expansion": "Old French -tion",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "-tiō"
},
"expansion": "Latin -tiō",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "",
"4": "-cioun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -cioun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "-tion"
},
"expansion": "Middle French -tion",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From rebracketed Middle English -cioun, rebracketed borrowing of Old French -tion, -cion, borrowed from the stem of Latin -tiō. The Middle English -cioun became -tion in Modern English under the influence of the Middle French -tion and original Latin spellings. Always -ate or t-final/te-final base + -ion.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-tions",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ion",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ation",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-sion",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ition",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "⠰⠝",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~",
"2": "s"
},
"expansion": "-tion (noun-forming suffix, countable and uncountable, plural -tions)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
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{
"kind": "other",
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{
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{
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{
"kind": "other",
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{
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"kind": "other",
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{
"kind": "other",
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{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Crimean Tatar translations",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
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{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Danish translations",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
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{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Estonian translations",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Faroese translations",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Gagauz translations",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
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"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Georgian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greenlandic translations",
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"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Haitian Creole translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hebrew translations",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hindi translations",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Indonesian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
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"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Kazakh translations",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Khmer translations",
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{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Korean translations",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Kyrgyz translations",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ladino translations",
"parents": [],
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Lai translations",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latgalian translations",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latvian translations",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Lithuanian translations",
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{
"kind": "other",
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{
"kind": "other",
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{
"kind": "other",
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{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Maltese translations",
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{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian translations",
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{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Occitan translations",
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"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Old English translations",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romansh translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovak translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovene translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Tagalog translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Tajik translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Thai translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkmen translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Urdu translations",
"parents": [],
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Uzbek translations",
"parents": [],
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{
"kind": "other",
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},
{
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}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "ignore + -tion → ignortion",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "scrimp + -tion → scrimption",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form nouns meaning \"the action of (a verb)\" or \"the result of (a verb)\". Words ending in this suffix are almost always derived from a similar Latin word; a few (e.g. gumption) are not derived from Latin and are unrelated to any verb. More often, -ation is used."
],
"id": "en--tion-en-suffix-UFz5H3u5",
"links": [
[
"gumption",
"gumption#English"
],
[
"-ation",
"-ation#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(no longer productive) Used to form nouns meaning \"the action of (a verb)\" or \"the result of (a verb)\". Words ending in this suffix are almost always derived from a similar Latin word; a few (e.g. gumption) are not derived from Latin and are unrelated to any verb. More often, -ation is used."
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-ion"
},
{
"word": "-ation"
},
{
"word": "-isation"
},
{
"word": "-ization"
},
{
"word": "-al"
},
{
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"word": "-ure"
}
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"idiomatic",
"morpheme",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ab",
"lang": "Abkhaz",
"lang_code": "ab",
"roman": "-cja",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-циа"
},
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"lang_code": "af",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-sie"
},
{
"code": "an",
"lang": "Aragonese",
"lang_code": "an",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ción"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "-utʻyun",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ություն"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "-cʻia",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ցիա"
},
{
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"lang_code": "rup",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-tsie"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-siya"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"South-Azerbaijani"
],
"word": "-ţiya"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-mə"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ləşmə"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"lang_code": "eu",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-zio"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "-cyja",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-цыя"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "-cija",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ция"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"note": "always forms a feminine noun",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ció"
},
{
"code": "crh",
"lang": "Crimean Tatar",
"lang_code": "crh",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tsiya"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ce"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "-tion"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"Germanic"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tie (Romanic)"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ado"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"lang_code": "et",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tsioon"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"lang_code": "fo",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-sjón"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-minen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tio"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tion"
},
{
"code": "fy",
"lang": "West-Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-sje"
},
{
"code": "gag",
"lang": "Gagauz",
"lang_code": "gag",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ţiya"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ción"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ção"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"english": "reintegrationist",
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"translation": "reintegrationist",
"word": "-çom"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"lang_code": "ka",
"roman": "-cia",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ცია"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ung"
},
{
"code": "de",
"english": "Latin; Romanic",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"translation": "Latin; Romanic",
"word": "-tion"
},
{
"code": "kl",
"lang": "Greenlandic",
"lang_code": "kl",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-neq"
},
{
"code": "ht",
"lang": "Haitian Creole",
"lang_code": "ht",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-syon"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "tsya",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "־ציה"
},
{
"alt": "used for borrowed words, like in \"स्टेशन\"",
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"lang_code": "hi",
"roman": "-śan",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
],
"word": "-शन"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ció"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-si"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"note": "unless previous letter was \"s\", when \"z\" becomes \"t\", like in \"digestione\", \"questione\"",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
],
"word": "-zione"
},
{
"alt": "-か",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "-ka",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-化"
},
{
"alt": "used for certain borrowed words, like in \"コミュニケーション\"",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "-shon",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
],
"word": "-ション"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"lang_code": "kk",
"roman": "-cıya",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ция"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"lang_code": "km",
"roman": "kaa",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "ការ"
},
{
"alt": "used for borrowed words, like in \"커뮤니케이션\"",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"roman": "-syeon",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
],
"word": "-션"
},
{
"code": "ky",
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"lang_code": "ky",
"roman": "-tsiya",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ция"
},
{
"code": "lad",
"lang": "Ladino",
"lang_code": "lad",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-syon"
},
{
"code": "cnh",
"lang": "Lai",
"lang_code": "cnh",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-nak -cio"
},
{
"code": "ltg",
"lang": "Latgalian",
"lang_code": "ltg",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ceja"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-tiō"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-cija"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"lang_code": "lt",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-cija"
},
{
"code": "lb",
"lang": "Luxembourgish",
"lang_code": "lb",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-tioun"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"roman": "-cija",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ција"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-si"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-syen"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-sen"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "peng--an"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "per--an"
},
{
"code": "mt",
"lang": "Maltese",
"lang_code": "mt",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-zzjoni"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-sjon"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-cion"
},
{
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-cja"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"note": "-ção (unless previous letter was \"s\", when \"ç\" becomes \"t\", like in \"digestão\", \"questão\")",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
]
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ție"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"note": "-țiune (unless previous letter was \"s\", when \"ț\" becomes \"t\", like in \"digestie\", \"chestiune\")",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
]
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ciune"
},
{
"code": "rm",
"lang": "Romansh",
"lang_code": "rm",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ziun"
},
{
"code": "rm",
"lang": "Romansh",
"lang_code": "rm",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-schun"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-cija",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ция"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "-ција"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "-cija"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-cia"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"lang_code": "sl",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-cija"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"note": "-ción (unless previous letter was \"s\", when \"c\" becomes \"t\", like in \"digestión\", \"cuestión\")",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
]
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"note": "for few specific cases",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-xión"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "-tion"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"note": "used for borrowed words, like in \"edukasiyon\"",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
],
"word": "-siyon"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-syon"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-asyon"
},
{
"code": "tg",
"lang": "Tajik",
"lang_code": "tg",
"roman": "-tsiya",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-тсия"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"lang_code": "th",
"roman": "gaan",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "การ"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"lang_code": "th",
"roman": "kwaam",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "ความ"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-syon"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-siyon"
},
{
"code": "tk",
"lang": "Turkmen",
"lang_code": "tk",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-siýa"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "-nnja",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ння"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "-cija",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ція"
},
{
"alt": "used for borrowed words, like in \"اسٹیشن\"",
"code": "ur",
"lang": "Urdu",
"lang_code": "ur",
"roman": "-śan",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
],
"word": "-شَن"
},
{
"code": "uz",
"lang": "Uzbek",
"lang_code": "uz",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tsiya"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"lang_code": "yi",
"roman": "-ung",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "־ונג"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"lang_code": "yi",
"roman": "-tsye",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "־ציע"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ʃən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-tʃən/",
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},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--tion.wav",
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"args": {
"1": "de",
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],
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{
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{
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"form": "-tionerne",
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},
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},
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"form": "-tionens",
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"form": "-tioners",
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},
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"form": "-tionernes",
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},
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"form": "-sion",
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},
{
"form": "eksplosion",
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"gen-sg-indef-3": "",
"pl-def": "-tionerne",
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"pl-def-3": "",
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"pl-indef-3": "",
"sg-def": "-tionen",
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"sg-indef": "-tion"
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],
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],
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[
"action",
"action"
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[
"process",
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],
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"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"The result of the aforementioned."
],
"id": "en--tion-da-suffix-3vcHif0l",
"links": [
[
"result",
"result"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[-ˈɕoˀːn]"
}
],
"word": "-tion"
}
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"borrowed"
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"lang": "Norwegian",
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],
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"borrowed"
],
"roman": "-syon, -siyon",
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}
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{
"extra": "Used to indicate action, condition, result or effect; -tion",
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],
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"id": "en--tion-de-suffix-4opdQYQw",
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[
"-tion",
"-tion#English"
]
],
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{
"word": "-ion"
},
{
"word": "Aktion"
},
{
"word": "Kommunikation"
}
],
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"feminine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ˈtsi̯oːn/"
},
{
"ipa": "[-ˈt͡sjoːn]"
},
{
"ipa": "[-t͡siˈoːn]"
},
{
"other": "[i]"
},
{
"other": "/-ˈtsjoːn/"
},
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},
{
"audio": "De--tion.ogg",
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"tags": [
"Germany",
"Berlin"
]
}
],
"word": "-tion"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": "suffix",
"g": "c"
},
"expansion": "-tion c",
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}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-tion; making nouns. See also -else, -ing and -ning."
],
"id": "en--tion-sv-suffix-1R5BV13U",
"links": [
[
"-tion",
"-tion#English"
],
[
"-else",
"-else#Swedish"
],
[
"-ing",
"-ing#Swedish"
],
[
"-ning",
"-ning#Swedish"
]
],
"tags": [
"common-gender",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ˈɧuːn/"
},
{
"homophone": "-sion"
}
],
"word": "-tion"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gsw",
"2": ":der",
"3": "la:-tiō"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-tiHō\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-tis\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-Hō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-tiō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-tiō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Alemannic German\", \"term\" : \"-tion\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gsw\" }\" data-lang=\"gsw\" data-title=\"-tion\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gsw",
"2": "la",
"3": "-tiō"
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"expansion": "Latin -tiō",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-tion"
},
"expansion": "German -tion",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Ultimately from Latin -tiō. Cognate with German -tion.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-tione",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gsw",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "plural",
"4": "-tione",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "-tion f (plural -tione)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Alemannic German",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Alemannic German entries with etymon",
"Alemannic German entries with incorrect language header",
"Alemannic German feminine suffixes",
"Alemannic German lemmas",
"Alemannic German noun-forming suffixes",
"Alemannic German suffixes",
"Alemannic German terms derived from Latin",
"Alemannic German terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Alemannic German terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 6 entries",
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"Pages with etymon"
],
"glosses": [
"-tion (nominalizer)"
],
"links": [
[
"-tion",
"-tion#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-tion"
}
{
"categories": [
"Danish entries with incorrect language header",
"Danish lemmas",
"Danish suffixes",
"Danish terms derived from French",
"Danish terms derived from Latin",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "fr",
"3": "-tion"
},
"expansion": "French -tion",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "la",
"3": "-tiō"
},
"expansion": "Latin -tiō",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From French -tion, from the stem of Latin -tiō.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "da-decl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-tion",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-tionen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-tioner",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-tionerne",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-tions",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-tionens",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-tioners",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-tionernes",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-sion",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "eksplosion",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ssion",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-tion",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "er"
},
"name": "da-decl"
},
{
"args": {
"g": "c",
"gen-pl-def": "-tionernes",
"gen-pl-def-2": "",
"gen-pl-def-3": "",
"gen-pl-indef": "-tioners",
"gen-pl-indef-2": "",
"gen-sg-def": "-tionens",
"gen-sg-def-2": "",
"gen-sg-indef": "-tions",
"gen-sg-indef-2": "",
"gen-sg-indef-3": "",
"pl-def": "-tionerne",
"pl-def-2": "",
"pl-def-3": "",
"pl-indef": "-tioner",
"pl-indef-2": "",
"pl-indef-3": "",
"sg-def": "-tionen",
"sg-def-2": "",
"sg-indef": "-tion"
},
"name": "da-noun-infl-base"
}
],
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"used to form nouns that denote an action or a process."
],
"links": [
[
"action",
"action"
],
[
"process",
"process"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"The result of the aforementioned."
],
"links": [
[
"result",
"result"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[-ˈɕoˀːn]"
}
],
"word": "-tion"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-syen"
},
{
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-sen"
}
],
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{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-cioun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -cioun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-tion"
},
"expansion": "Old French -tion",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "-tiō"
},
"expansion": "Latin -tiō",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "",
"4": "-cioun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -cioun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "-tion"
},
"expansion": "Middle French -tion",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From rebracketed Middle English -cioun, rebracketed borrowing of Old French -tion, -cion, borrowed from the stem of Latin -tiō. The Middle English -cioun became -tion in Modern English under the influence of the Middle French -tion and original Latin spellings. Always -ate or t-final/te-final base + -ion.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-tions",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ion",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ation",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-sion",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ition",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "⠰⠝",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~",
"2": "s"
},
"expansion": "-tion (noun-forming suffix, countable and uncountable, plural -tions)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-ion"
},
{
"word": "-ation"
},
{
"word": "-isation"
},
{
"word": "-ization"
},
{
"word": "-al"
},
{
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"word": "-ure"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English noun-forming suffixes",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English unproductive suffixes",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Abkhaz translations",
"Terms with Afrikaans translations",
"Terms with Aragonese translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Aromanian translations",
"Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
"Terms with Basque translations",
"Terms with Belarusian translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Crimean Tatar translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Estonian translations",
"Terms with Faroese translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Gagauz translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greenlandic translations",
"Terms with Haitian Creole translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Hindi translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Indonesian translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Kazakh translations",
"Terms with Khmer translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Kyrgyz translations",
"Terms with Ladino translations",
"Terms with Lai translations",
"Terms with Latgalian translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Latvian translations",
"Terms with Lithuanian translations",
"Terms with Luxembourgish translations",
"Terms with Macedonian translations",
"Terms with Malay translations",
"Terms with Maltese translations",
"Terms with Norwegian translations",
"Terms with Occitan translations",
"Terms with Old English translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Romansh translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Slovak translations",
"Terms with Slovene translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Tagalog translations",
"Terms with Tajik translations",
"Terms with Thai translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Turkmen translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Urdu translations",
"Terms with Uzbek translations",
"Terms with West Frisian translations",
"Terms with Yiddish translations"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "ignore + -tion → ignortion",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "scrimp + -tion → scrimption",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form nouns meaning \"the action of (a verb)\" or \"the result of (a verb)\". Words ending in this suffix are almost always derived from a similar Latin word; a few (e.g. gumption) are not derived from Latin and are unrelated to any verb. More often, -ation is used."
],
"links": [
[
"gumption",
"gumption#English"
],
[
"-ation",
"-ation#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(no longer productive) Used to form nouns meaning \"the action of (a verb)\" or \"the result of (a verb)\". Words ending in this suffix are almost always derived from a similar Latin word; a few (e.g. gumption) are not derived from Latin and are unrelated to any verb. More often, -ation is used."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"idiomatic",
"morpheme",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ʃən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-tʃən/",
"note": "after a preceding “s”"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--tion.wav",
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"tags": [
"Southern-England"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ab",
"lang": "Abkhaz",
"lang_code": "ab",
"roman": "-cja",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-циа"
},
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"lang_code": "af",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-sie"
},
{
"code": "an",
"lang": "Aragonese",
"lang_code": "an",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ción"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "-utʻyun",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ություն"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "-cʻia",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ցիա"
},
{
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"lang_code": "rup",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-tsie"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-siya"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"South-Azerbaijani"
],
"word": "-ţiya"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-mə"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ləşmə"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"lang_code": "eu",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-zio"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "-cyja",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-цыя"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "-cija",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ция"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"note": "always forms a feminine noun",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ció"
},
{
"code": "crh",
"lang": "Crimean Tatar",
"lang_code": "crh",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tsiya"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ce"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "-tion"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"Germanic"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tie (Romanic)"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ado"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"lang_code": "et",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tsioon"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"lang_code": "fo",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-sjón"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-minen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tio"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tion"
},
{
"code": "fy",
"lang": "West-Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-sje"
},
{
"code": "gag",
"lang": "Gagauz",
"lang_code": "gag",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ţiya"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ción"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ção"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"english": "reintegrationist",
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"translation": "reintegrationist",
"word": "-çom"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"lang_code": "ka",
"roman": "-cia",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ცია"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ung"
},
{
"code": "de",
"english": "Latin; Romanic",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"translation": "Latin; Romanic",
"word": "-tion"
},
{
"code": "kl",
"lang": "Greenlandic",
"lang_code": "kl",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-neq"
},
{
"code": "ht",
"lang": "Haitian Creole",
"lang_code": "ht",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-syon"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "tsya",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "־ציה"
},
{
"alt": "used for borrowed words, like in \"स्टेशन\"",
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"lang_code": "hi",
"roman": "-śan",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
],
"word": "-शन"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ció"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-si"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"note": "unless previous letter was \"s\", when \"z\" becomes \"t\", like in \"digestione\", \"questione\"",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
],
"word": "-zione"
},
{
"alt": "-か",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "-ka",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-化"
},
{
"alt": "used for certain borrowed words, like in \"コミュニケーション\"",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "-shon",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
],
"word": "-ション"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"lang_code": "kk",
"roman": "-cıya",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ция"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"lang_code": "km",
"roman": "kaa",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "ការ"
},
{
"alt": "used for borrowed words, like in \"커뮤니케이션\"",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"roman": "-syeon",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
],
"word": "-션"
},
{
"code": "ky",
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"lang_code": "ky",
"roman": "-tsiya",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ция"
},
{
"code": "lad",
"lang": "Ladino",
"lang_code": "lad",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-syon"
},
{
"code": "cnh",
"lang": "Lai",
"lang_code": "cnh",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-nak -cio"
},
{
"code": "ltg",
"lang": "Latgalian",
"lang_code": "ltg",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ceja"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-tiō"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-cija"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"lang_code": "lt",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-cija"
},
{
"code": "lb",
"lang": "Luxembourgish",
"lang_code": "lb",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-tioun"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"roman": "-cija",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ција"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-si"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-syen"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-sen"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "peng--an"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "per--an"
},
{
"code": "mt",
"lang": "Maltese",
"lang_code": "mt",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-zzjoni"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-sjon"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-cion"
},
{
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-cja"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"note": "-ção (unless previous letter was \"s\", when \"ç\" becomes \"t\", like in \"digestão\", \"questão\")",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
]
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ție"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"note": "-țiune (unless previous letter was \"s\", when \"ț\" becomes \"t\", like in \"digestie\", \"chestiune\")",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
]
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ciune"
},
{
"code": "rm",
"lang": "Romansh",
"lang_code": "rm",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ziun"
},
{
"code": "rm",
"lang": "Romansh",
"lang_code": "rm",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-schun"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-cija",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ция"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "-ција"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "-cija"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-cia"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"lang_code": "sl",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-cija"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"note": "-ción (unless previous letter was \"s\", when \"c\" becomes \"t\", like in \"digestión\", \"cuestión\")",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
]
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"note": "for few specific cases",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-xión"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "-tion"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"note": "used for borrowed words, like in \"edukasiyon\"",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
],
"word": "-siyon"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-syon"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-asyon"
},
{
"code": "tg",
"lang": "Tajik",
"lang_code": "tg",
"roman": "-tsiya",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-тсия"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"lang_code": "th",
"roman": "gaan",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "การ"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"lang_code": "th",
"roman": "kwaam",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "ความ"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-syon"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-siyon"
},
{
"code": "tk",
"lang": "Turkmen",
"lang_code": "tk",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-siýa"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "-nnja",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ння"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "-cija",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ція"
},
{
"alt": "used for borrowed words, like in \"اسٹیشن\"",
"code": "ur",
"lang": "Urdu",
"lang_code": "ur",
"roman": "-śan",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
],
"word": "-شَن"
},
{
"code": "uz",
"lang": "Uzbek",
"lang_code": "uz",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tsiya"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"lang_code": "yi",
"roman": "-ung",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "־ונג"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"lang_code": "yi",
"roman": "-tsye",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "־ציע"
}
],
"word": "-tion"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-sjon"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"word": "-syon"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"word": "-siyon"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "-syon, -siyon",
"word": "ـسیون"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "-tions",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "~"
},
"expansion": "-tion f (noun-forming suffix, countable and uncountable, plural -tions)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "Used to indicate action, condition, result or effect; -tion",
"word": "-ation"
}
],
"categories": [
"French 1-syllable words",
"French countable suffixes",
"French entries with etymon",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French feminine suffixes",
"French lemmas",
"French noun-forming suffixes",
"French suffixes",
"French terms derived from Latin",
"French terms derived from Middle French",
"French terms derived from Old French",
"French terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"French terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"French uncountable suffixes",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"Rhymes:French/ɔ̃",
"Rhymes:French/ɔ̃/1 syllable"
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of -ation: Used to indicate action, condition, result or effect; -tion"
],
"links": [
[
"-ation",
"-ation#French"
],
[
"-tion",
"-tion#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"countable",
"feminine",
"morpheme",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/sjɔ̃/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tjɔ̃/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔ̃"
}
],
"word": "-tion"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": ":der",
"3": "la:-tiō"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-tiHō\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-tis\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-Hō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-tiō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-tiō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"German\", \"term\" : \"-tion\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"de\" }\" data-lang=\"de\" data-title=\"-tion\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "la",
"3": "-tiō"
},
"expansion": "Latin -tiō",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin -tiō.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-tion",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-tionen",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ation",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "genitive",
"4": "-tion",
"5": "plural",
"6": "-tionen",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "-tion f (genitive -tion, plural -tionen)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-ion"
},
{
"word": "Aktion"
},
{
"word": "Kommunikation"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"German entries with etymon",
"German entries with incorrect language header",
"German feminine suffixes",
"German lemmas",
"German noun-forming suffixes",
"German suffixes",
"German terms derived from Latin",
"German terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"German terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon"
],
"glosses": [
"-tion"
],
"links": [
[
"-tion",
"-tion#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ˈtsi̯oːn/"
},
{
"ipa": "[-ˈt͡sjoːn]"
},
{
"ipa": "[-t͡siˈoːn]"
},
{
"other": "[i]"
},
{
"other": "/-ˈtsjoːn/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q188 (deu)-Frank C. Müller--tion.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--tion.wav/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--tion.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--tion.wav/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--tion.wav.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "De--tion.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/De--tion.ogg/De--tion.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/De--tion.ogg",
"tags": [
"Germany",
"Berlin"
]
}
],
"word": "-tion"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "c"
},
"expansion": "-tion c",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Swedish common-gender suffixes",
"Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"Swedish lemmas",
"Swedish suffixes",
"Swedish terms with homophones"
],
"glosses": [
"-tion; making nouns. See also -else, -ing and -ning."
],
"links": [
[
"-tion",
"-tion#English"
],
[
"-else",
"-else#Swedish"
],
[
"-ing",
"-ing#Swedish"
],
[
"-ning",
"-ning#Swedish"
]
],
"tags": [
"common-gender",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ˈɧuːn/"
},
{
"homophone": "-sion"
}
],
"word": "-tion"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -tion meaning in All languages combined (31.6kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: noun-forming suffix",
"path": [
"-tion"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-tion",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "translations/609-20230504",
"msg": "Translation too long compared to word, so it is skipped",
"path": [
"-tion"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-tion",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "translations/609-20230504",
"msg": "Translation too long compared to word, so it is skipped",
"path": [
"-tion"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-tion",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "translations/609-20230504",
"msg": "Translation too long compared to word, so it is skipped",
"path": [
"-tion"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-tion",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: noun-forming suffix",
"path": [
"-tion"
],
"section": "French",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-tion",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425",
"msg": "-tion/English/suffix: 'word' is missing and should be a non-empty string: {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"lang_code\": \"pt\", \"note\": \"-ção (unless previous letter was \\\"s\\\", when \\\"ç\\\" becomes \\\"t\\\", like in \\\"digestão\\\", \\\"questão\\\")\", \"sense\": \"producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb\", \"tags\": [\"usually\"]}",
"path": [],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-tion",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425",
"msg": "-tion/English/suffix: 'word' is missing and should be a non-empty string: {\"code\": \"ro\", \"lang\": \"Romanian\", \"lang_code\": \"ro\", \"note\": \"-țiune (unless previous letter was \\\"s\\\", when \\\"ț\\\" becomes \\\"t\\\", like in \\\"digestie\\\", \\\"chestiune\\\")\", \"sense\": \"producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb\", \"tags\": [\"usually\"]}",
"path": [],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-tion",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425",
"msg": "-tion/English/suffix: 'word' is missing and should be a non-empty string: {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"lang_code\": \"es\", \"note\": \"-ción (unless previous letter was \\\"s\\\", when \\\"c\\\" becomes \\\"t\\\", like in \\\"digestión\\\", \\\"cuestión\\\")\", \"sense\": \"producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb\", \"tags\": [\"usually\"]}",
"path": [],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-tion",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-16 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (d6fca27 and 65e1673). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.